In this pathway, cysteine is first oxidized to its sulfinic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase. Mammalian taurine synthesis occurs in the pancreas via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. Taurine is naturally derived from cysteine. In the laboratory, taurine can be produced by alkylation of ammonia with bromoethanesulfonate salts. Most of these enterprises employ the ethanolamine method to produce a total annual production of about 3,000 tonnes. As of 2010, China alone has more than 40 manufacturers of taurine. In 1993, about 5,000–6,000 tonnes of taurine were produced for commercial purposes: 50% for pet food and 50% in pharmaceutical applications. A direct approach involves the reaction of aziridine with sulfurous acid. Synthetic taurine is obtained by the ammonolysis of isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid), which in turn is obtained from the reaction of ethylene oxide with aqueous sodium bisulfite. The sulfonic acid has a low p K a ensuring that it is fully ionized to the sulfonate at the pHs found in the intestinal tract. Taurine exists as a zwitterion H 3N +CH 2CH 2SO − 3, as verified by X-ray crystallography. It is an unusual example of a naturally occurring sulfonic acid.Ĭhemical and biochemical features Taurine concentrations in land plants are very low or undetectable, but up to 1000 nmol/g wet weight have been found in algae. It is essential for cardiovascular function, and development and function of skeletal muscle, the retina, and the central nervous system. It has many biological roles, such as conjugation of bile acids, antioxidation, osmoregulation, membrane stabilization, and modulation of calcium signaling. It was discovered in human bile in 1846 by Edmund Ronalds. It is named after Latin taurus ( cognate to Ancient Greek ταῦρος, taûros) meaning bull or ox, as it was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by German scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin. It is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the large intestine, and accounts for up to 0.1% of total human body weight. If making a post asking for the easy way out on learning about a compound, most likely you will just be linked to as it is less work for us.īe sure to read the /r/fitness/wiki/faq if your post is about diet/fat loss/gaining muscle.Taurine ( / ˈ t ɔː r iː n/), or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a non-proteinogenic amino sulfonic acid that is widely-distributed in animal tissues. Prior to posting, please review the compound on a science-based website like rather than asking for vague 'educate me on.' posts. If you make a claim about a supplement and get called out on it be prepared to either cite your source or logically defend your stance.īroscience is accepted as it can lead to new theories and discoveries, but it must be clearly stated it is broscience or 'feel'. Although subjective, any posts in which there is suspicion of being affiliated with a supplement company may result in banning after various considerations (contribution to community, relevance to discussion, unforeseen context, etc.) are looked at. It is acceptable to talk about which companies and suppliers you like but unacceptable to spam for them. (Basically, talk with us about something don't be a pretentious anti-supplement douche)Īnything talking about supplement companies is a grey area which must be ventured cautiously. Repeated offenses or notably excessive offenses are subject to banning. However, discussions or rants declaring a supplement or supplement regimen useless based on emotion and naturalistic fallacy rather than science or logical caution are subject to moderation. Discussion on the relative pros and cons for supplementation are accepted and encouraged. This is a subreddit designed for supplements, so obviously most users will be biased for supplements. This is to help reduce spamming in the subreddit if you wish to discuss your brand name supplement, simply list the ingredients and dosages, not the brand name. Posts made with brand name products as the topic of discussion (rather than the molecule(s) in question) may be removed.General Rules and Guidelines or /r/supplements: Slightly more IMPORTANT: In regards to illegal/dangerous drugs and how to approach their mention in this subreddit IMPORTANT: For those with blogs/channels dealing with supplements or members of companies which sell nutritional supplements. A subreddit designed for discussion of supplements and nutraceuticals for health, performance, or any intended (or not intended) purpose.
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